Strategic Management Analysis Of Apple †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Strategic Management Analysis Of Apple . Answer: Promoting plan objective Themarketing plan of Apple incorporates the goals to expand the brand name of the association and connection to its effective situation in the business. The picture of the association in showcase is identified with its development related capacities, the worth and the nature of the items. The reaction and the consciousness of the items in the market is estimated and further modifications are made in themarketing blend (Massingham Pomering, 2017). Market division The market of section of Apple iPhone can be isolated into three significant classes. The association utilizes the procedure of division dependent on general way of life as Apple is a superior brand. The section of clients of the organization are generally the urban populace of different nations. The clients of Apple are for the most part the early adopters and the top notch level purchasers of the business. The three objective gatherings of Apple are as per the following, The music darlings who are focused by highlights like Apple iStore and iTunes. The young people or the experts who are significant clients of Apple iPhone. The clients who utilize different results of the organization like Apple watch, Macbook (Ozment, 2015). The objective market of Apple iPhone is enormous disregarding the top notch value scope of the items that are offered to the clients. The clients of Apple are aimlessly faithful to the brand and its different items. The iPhone clients regularly guarantee that Apple has made the best cell phone on the planet. The more youthful gathering of individuals are more pulled in towards the results of Apple. The brand is additionally related to the individuals who have a top notch level of pay and can bear the cost of the premium evaluated results of the organization (Patil Bach, 2017). The clients who are bound to claim Apple iPhone for the most part have a place with family units where instruction is given need and innovation is additionally followed all the time. Item Life Cycle Stage The item life cycle is viewed as a significant idea identified with the showcasing of items. This idea helps in portraying the different phases of life cycle which a specific item experiences before the association chooses to expel it from their product offering. All items don't arrive at the last phase of item life cycle on the off chance that they can pick up the market in a fruitful way (Pavlou Stewart, 2015). The four fundamental phases of the item life cycle are presentation, development, development and decay, which will be talked about as follows, Presentation This phase of the cycle ends up being the most costly for the association as this includes the dispatch of new items in the market. This stage further includes different expenses with respect to the organization which are connected shopper testing, innovative work and the showcasing exercises which are required to dispatch the item. Apple has been putting a great deal in the innovative work related exercises of the organization. This has additionally brought about the top notch valuing of the iPhones (Reed, 2016). Development This stage is for the most part portrayed by the solid development which is appeared in the benefits and the deals of the association. The organization begins to profit by the item that is has propelled in the market in the development stage. This further makes it simple for the association to make more interests in the items and improve the highlights that are offered by them. The iPhones have end up being the most noteworthy items in the product offering of Apple and this has helped in the consistent of the incomes of the association in the market. This has additionally empowered Apple to put more in their innovative work to upgrade the items (Sin?i? ?ori?, Murphy Bre?i?, 2015). Development This stage is identified with the effective foundation of the items in the market and the satisfaction of the point of the makers. This is likewise viewed as most serious time of the whole life pattern of the item. The business associations need to design in an astute way to keep up the offer in the market that has been created by them. They can likewise consider improving the items by including more highlights and making upper hand. Apple has had the option to effectively put the iPhones in the development stage with the assistance of its showcasing systems and the interesting highlights that are given by the iPhones. The dedicated client base has likewise helped Apple to keep up its offer in the market (Srijumpa, 2017). Decay This stage is identified with the psychologist that happens in the market of the results of specific organization. This can be because of the immersion that has happened in the business or because of the change made by customers to various items. Apple iPhones have not yet arrived at this phase as the items have had the option to catch the market and the shoppers of the association are likewise faithful. The portions of the association have indicated decrease in the ongoing occasions, be that as it may, the iPhones are as yet going very solid in the market (Steenkamp, 2017). Value, Place and Distribution Value The evaluating related system of Apple is identified with the superior estimating technique. The costs have been set in such a way in this way, that the clients should pay high sums for premium structured results of the organization. The innovation of value skimming is the best methodology that is utilized by Apple. The costs are set higher when contrasted with comparative items that are offered by the contenders. The land estimating strategy is utilized by Apple to choose various costs of the items for various geological regions. This system is valuable for the diverse trade rates in different nations (Venkatesan et al., 2015). Spot Apple works in excess of 400 stores in 22 nations on the planet. The retail locations of the association are roomy and imaginative in nature. The online stores are likewise accessible for selling the results of the organization. Direct deals power is utilized by Apple for the advancement of its items to the imminent shoppers. The organization likewise has fruitful associations with different wholesalers so they disperse the items. The worth included dealers or the expert approved individuals are significant pieces of the circulation channel of Apple (Zhang Yang, 2017). Advancement The limited time exercises of Apple are known to be extraordinary in nature. The different diverse showcasing channels that are utilized by the association incorporate, ads in papers, advancements in radio. This is known as the Above The Line or ATL publicizing stage. The organization predominantly focuses on the top notch section of purchasers. The procedure of hoardings or home promoting is utilized in the retail outlets of the organization. This procedure is known as the Below The Line or BTL showcasing related methods. These instruments are utilized by Apple in an exceptional to arrive at its clients and further to make publicity for its items in the market (Venkatesan et al., 2015). Execution The execution of promoting plans is the last advance in the whole advertising program that is detailed for Apple iPhone. This is identified with the procedure by which the association will intend to achieve the showcasing related objectives. This is viewed as the most critical advance of the whole arrangement. This progression will help Apple in changing over the promoting techniques to advertising plans. The observing of this activity plan is essential with the goal that the different stages will be stages are executed on an ideal way. The significant point of the usage of the procedures identified with item improvement and market advancement is identified with the best possible showcasing of Apple iPhones. The top administration is liable for actualizing the procedure in a successful way. Impediments and Risks The significant dangers or difficulties are looked by the administrators of the association during the time spent actualizing the advertising plan. The dangers are identified with the different capacities in the association like, innovative work, creation, mechanical designing, promoting. The administrators of Apple need to consider the different desires for the purchasers for the various capacities so they can without much of a stretch arrangement with the difficulties that are presented. The chiefs need to apportion the assets identified with various exercises in a viable way. The assignments should be observed and further should be checked whether they are being executed in the best possible way. Synopsis The report can be finished up by expressing that the advertising plan for Apple iPhone addresses the different angles that are significant in planning effective procedures. The viable limited time exercises, the dissemination channels of the association and the estimating procedures can advance Apple in advancing the iPhones in a fruitful way. The objective market of the association is additionally helpful for the effective execution of the promoting plan. There are anyway numerous impediments that are identified with the fruitful activities of Apple in the market. References Massingham, P. R., Pomering, A. A. (2017). Acquainting Knowledge Management with the Marketing Mix. Ozment, J. (2015). Evaluating Lagged and Cumulative Effects of Customer Service Variables in the Marketing Mix. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 643-647). Springer, Cham. Patil, D. D., Bach, C. (2017). Advertising Mix For Strategy Building.Marketing,4(4). Pavlou, P. A., Stewart, D. W. (2015). Intelligent promoting: another reasonable system towards coordinating components of the advertising blend. InNew Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium(pp. 218-222). Springer, Cham. Reed, D. (2016). Client initially is the best way to determine the promoting blend. Sin?i? ?ori?, D., Murphy, P., Bre?i?, R. (2015, November). The job of advertising blend components in corporate morals explanations. InPROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH EMAC REGIONAL CONFERENCE Convergence and Divergence in the New Europe: Marketing Challenges and Issues(p. 1). Srijumpa, R

Online Shopping vs Traditional Shopping Essay

Shopping consistently has been related with long, hauling lines, stopping issues, and the issue of driving around from store to store until we at long last find what we need; yet not any longer. Web based shopping has given individuals the opportunity to shop at home wearing just their night wear and still get what they need. Despite the fact that this may appear the response to supplications of numerous individuals, internet shopping is imperfect as does conventional shopping. To encourage this choice we need to check whether web based shopping can match the buying intensity of customary shopping. To do this we have to weigh the two techniques to perceive how they contrast with each other. On the web and customary shopping offer decisions to customers; knowing the dangers and advantages of the two choices is important for them to settle on a keen choice. Internet Shopping: With regards to internet shopping in the solace of your own house is exceptionally speaking to a great many people. You additionally have the decision of perusing various destinations to discover what you need as opposed to burning through gas and time driving around various stores. Likewise, numerous individuals fear remaining in long queues particularly during the Christmas season. Web based shopping offers a retreat from these circumstances. Another beneficial thing about web based shopping is that things are anything but difficult to track down on the web. You simply type whatever it is your searching for on a web index and you will get numerous proposals of locales on the thing. What's more, maybe the best component of everything is the value decrease offered by the online alternative. The explanation behind this is on the grounds that charges appear to be lower or nonexistent on certain items in certain states when shopping on the web. Web based shopping likewise keeps customer s from strolling around with a major wad of cash that can be effectively lost or taken. The blemishes of web based shopping typically separate the dependability of the sites, the danger of data fraud, and the danger of charge card misrepresentation submitted by PC programmers. There is additionally a danger of running into a site that can contaminate your PC with different sorts of infections. Perusing on the web surveys about specific sites can once in a while help in this issue. Quality is once in a while an issue with web based shopping since you don’t truly observe or evaluate the item before you make the buy. That isâ a gigantic mood killer for the vast majority since investigate has indicated that engine abilities are significant with regards to exercises, for example, shopping and individuals downright and basic need to see and test out what they are buying. For instance, women need to try out the new aromas yet can't do that through the PC. Now and then there are sure things individuals like to give it a shot and truly observe what it resembles on them, however clearly they can’t do that on the web. Another detriment to web based shopping is the way that you need to hold back to get your thing. Along these lines, on the off chance that you are in a surge, at that point you are stuck between a rock and a hard place. This presumably implies shopping for food online is certainly not a smart thought. Technique for installment is another hazard without anyone else. Typically charge cards are the favored strategy yet at some point you can utilize PayPal. In any case, it is hazardous to utilize charge cards online in light of the fact that you don’t realize who is taking a gander at your data. All things considered, it is presumably a smart thought to ensure you are utilizing a decent enemy of infection program before going on a shopping binge on the web. Customary Shopping: In customary shopping you essentially get in your vehicle, drive to your preferred store (perhaps with a companion with you) and purchase what you need. It is a chance to associate just as having the fervor of being in a store with a large number of items which you can see and attempt before you buy. This strategy permits you to get the thing right now without agonizing over the item being lost via the post office. Likewise, in the event that you don’t like something or if something doesn’t fit you can just return it to the store and recover a discount or your cash in a flash instead of hanging tight for the postal assistance. Ordinary shopping has a specific vibe or power to it which is difficult to encounter from a PC. Customary shopping sounds extraordinary; anyway it has its issues. A portion of the issues with customary shopping incorporate gas cash spent driving around to various stores searching for what you need. Now and again what we are searching for may be accessible in a store in an alternate state. Furthermore, that makes it entirely unreasonable to acquire that thing which leaves us to fundamentally hold up until it goes to our preferred store. Likewise, attempting to discover stopping at enormous retail chains and shopping centers can be exceptionally irksome. Someâ people essentially overlook where they stopped. A few people accidently lock the vehicle enters in the vehicle, or once in a while we need to manage roads turned parking lots that cause superfluous pressure. It is only the general utilization of time and vitality that a great many people find troublesome. You will likewise encounter a marvel known as shopping rage which is increasingly regular during the special seasons. Individuals get worn out and baffled during the special seasons and let their disappointment out on others when shopping. It is truly awkward in those circumstances particularly on the off chance that you have your children with you at the store while shopping. This is something you won’t need to manage when you are protected at home on your PC. The web based shopping industry is developing to an ever increasing extent and there is valid justification to accept that this development will proceed. One central point to this expectation is that individuals are in reality setting aside cash online due to the huge accessibility of things and as a result of the opposition this makes among online stores. Regardless of its points of interest, web based shopping is as yet a generally new idea for a great many people and in view of this web based shopping will fall behind the conventional shopping market, at any rate for the time being. It is an individual inclination with regards to picking the two distinctive shopping strategies. Much the same as whatever else they have their experts and they have their cons. Simply make sure to shop the manner in which you feel good and you will naturally turn into a brilliant and learned customer. Glad shopping!!!

How Do Cash Advances Work Online

How Do Cash Advances Work Online How Do Cash Advances Work Online? How Do Cash Advances Work Online?If you need physical cash, then an online cash advance probably isnt your best option one of many reasons you should be wary of these short-term no credit check loans.Wait, how exactly do cash advances work when they’re online? It’s right there in the name: cash advance. The internet is great at a lot of things, but handing over cold hard currency is not one of them.With that in mind, here’s everything you need to know about online cash advances work, and how they differ from the store-bought kind. What is a cash advance?Cash advances are a type of short-term, small-dollar no credit check loan. Okay, so what does that mean? Let’s break it down:Short-term: These loans are meant to be repaid in a matter of days or weeks, not months or years. The average repayment term for a cash advance loan is only 14 days.Small-dollar: Typically, these loans are under $1,000â€"and often well under. The amount you can borrow with a cash advance will vary depen ding on the local laws in your state of residence.No credit check: Cash advance lenders almost never check a borrower’s credit score before they apply. Some don’t even verify a borrower’s income or that they have any way to repay the loan at all.If that sounds a lot like payday loans to you, then you’re correct. Payday loans and cash advance loans are basically the same things.These loans are aimed at people with bad credit scores who can’t borrow from traditional lenders. They are intended as “bridge financing,” which means they help plug up financial shortfalls.Theyre unsecured loans, which means they don’t involve collateralâ€"unlike title loans, which are secured by the borrower’s vehicle.How much does a cash advance cost?Like all loans, cash advance loans come with interest charges. But unlike traditional installment loans, which accrue interest over time, cash advances and payday loans charge interest as a single flat fee.The charge for a specific cash advanc e will vary from lender to lender, and they can also be different depending on where you liveâ€"as certain states and cities permit higher interest rates than others.Still, the average interest rate for a cash advance loan is $15 per $100. Does that sound reasonable to you? Why wouldn’t it?! 15 percent interest for an unsecured loan isnt that bad.But let’s look at it another way. Namely, let’s look at that cash advance’s annual percentage rate (APR), which is 391 percent. Yowza!How do you get a cash advance online?For many years, the best place to get a cash advance loan was at your local payday lender or check-cashing storefront. You would walk into the store, and either make out a post-dated check for the total amount due (principal plus interest) or sign an automatic debit agreement.Once the loan agreement is signed, the storefront employee hands you your cash and you are on your way!But many cash advance borrowers now borrow their money online. The process is mostly the same, except for the part where the cash is placed in their hand. The internet hasn’t figured that one out yet.Instead, borrowers typically receive their funds via direct deposit. For this, they need a bank account that is capable of receiving electronic transfers. Typically, these funds will arrive within one to two business days, but some lenders offer same-day funding. Really, how quickly your loan will arrive depends on a number of factors.For borrowers who don’t have a bank account, some lenders will also load their funds onto the borrower’s prepaid debit card. If you need actual cash and you need it now, then an online cash advance or loan probably isn’t going to work for you.On the other hand, if all you need is funds in your bank account, online loans should work fine for youâ€"so long as they can deposit those funds in a timely fashion.Okay, but should you get a cash advance online?If you’re considering taking out a cash advance online (or in the store, for that m atter), you should seriously consider all your other options. Cash advances certainly are convenient, but they come with some major downsides.As we mentioned earlier, the interest rates for cash advances tower over the rates for regular personal loans. Even if you have bad credit and you need a loan, you should be trying to shop around for the best rateâ€"and there are many bad credit loans out there which offer lower rates than cash advances.And while one of the perks of a payday cash advance is that you can pay it off quickly, that might be less of a feature and more of a bug. That single lump-sum payment means paying hundreds of dollars all at once, which could blow yet another hole in your budget.In fact, according to a study from The Pew Charitable Trusts, that’s exactly what happens to a majority of payday loan borrowers. They found that well over 80 percent of borrowers didn’t have enough funds in their monthly budget to cover their payday loan payments.And if you can’t afford your payments, you might find yourself with no other choice but to roll over or reborrow your cash advance, which will increase both your cost of borrowing and your total days spent in debt.Reborrowing a cash advance is simple: You simply pay the original loan off and the immediately borrow a new one to cover your other bills and expenses.Rolling over a cash advance is a little different. Instead of paying the loan off, you extend the loan’s due date in return for a nominal payment and a new interest charge. The first time you roll over a cash advance, your cost of borrowing effectively doubles.These outcomes aren’t just something that happens on paper; they reflect the reality of payday loans and cash advances in America. A study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) found that the average payday loan borrower spends almost 200 days per year in debt and takes out 10 such loans annually.Lastly, if you pay off a cash advance on time, it’s not going to hel p you build the kind of positive payment history that you want to be reflected in your credit score. This is because most cash advance lenders don’t report payment information the credit bureaus.The best way to handle emergency expenses is to maintain a well-stocked emergency fund, hands down. And while taking out an online cash advance could certainly work out well for you, there is a very large chance that it ends up as more of a problem than a solution.Another great way to avoid payday cash advances is to improve your credit score. To learn more about how you can fix your credit, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Want to Raise Your Credit Score by 50 Points? Here Are Some TipsNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreCredit Utilization Ratio: What It Is, Why It’s Important, and How to Master ItWhy You Should NOT Close That Old Credit CardDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Analysis Of An Eye Who Is The Whole World Go Blind

â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world go blind.† - Ghandi. The story of Dawn reinforces this well-known quote by demonstrating the heavy silence of murder and it’s feeble justifications. A few years after the Holocaust, one of it’s victims, Elisha, is recruited from his home in Paris as a terrorist in the city of Palestine. In his short time there, he has participated in violent group retaliation against the British, yet has never been forced to kill individually- until now. This story documents the tale of a young boy’s struggle to come to term with the human’s ability to commit cruel acts, as well as his struggle to justify the ultimate act of cruelty: murder. Within it’s startling revelations of the human conscience, Dawn illuminates that the comforts of revenge are only temporary; murder terminates all answers. With this, the author, Elie Wiesel, is able crumble the foundations of terrorisms and the reasoning that hate can ever resolve hate in his first novel, called Dawn. Dawn takes place in Palestine, a place where the Jewish community wakes up to a red, vengeful sky. After surviving the Holocaust the main character, Elisha, has been recruited as a terrorist for the Freedom Movement. For Elisha, who is now without a family, the Freedom Movement represents a new dawn, an act of hope, and most importantly, a retaliation in the name of faith to secure what s rightfully his peoples. However, daybreak presents Elisha with a more tortured reality; he has beenShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of ‚Äà ºDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night‚Äà ¹1013 Words   |  5 PagesAn analysis of â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† This poem was written by Dylan Thomas who had been acknowledged as one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century. The poem is a son’s plea to his dying father. 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The Road Not Taken Essay - 758 Words

The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Robert Frost employs personification to illustrate the literal scene of the poem. The personas vision as a Pilgrim Traveler, on a road with outlooks pointing in two directions that symbolize a fork in the road. Both of roads leads to two different types of a life style, and to choose the right road will make the difference. In the first stanza the personification shows â€Å"Two roads diverged,† in to choose which road to travel. While in the second stanza the personified mirrors, how he must make a difficult choice between the two roads, which one is the â€Å"better claim.† Frost’s poem literally exemplifies a traveler at the peak of his life who mirrors with a vision for determining to make the right choice in†¦show more content†¦The stripping away old of habits to a new way of life is like, â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day!† (Frost, line 13) The speaker comes to newer pastures â€Å"Becaus e it was grassy and lacked wear† the persona sense the need to do something different from the past walk of life to experience the other side of the â€Å"wishbone† in the road. What are the metaphorical (or symbolic) implications in the poem? This poem by Frost is a Lyrical Poem that has a metaphorical implication of a â€Å"wishbone† that diverges into two different directions. The poem presents a vision of the persona as meditating on deciding what path is â€Å"less traveled,† but with a â€Å"sigh† chooses to make this â€Å"tedious journey.† (Frost, 16) The yellow leaves fallen to the ground in woods is sign a beginning of a new season. Just as it is with the personas life there will be a new beginning when he makes the decision to change over to another path, â€Å"And both that morning equally lay—I leaves no step had trodden black,† chose the right path to more peace life of stepping on a road that has not been travel before (Frost, line 12) The metaphor is in the image of a wishbone, that the traveler comes to where the road divides into two separate paths. One cannot â€Å"straddle the fence,† and please God at the same time. It is from within that the persona listen to his inner conscious, and commune with a Higher power at his conclusion â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should everShow MoreRelatedRoad Not Taken752 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Essay ENGL 102: Literature and Composition MLA Thesis Statement: Every adult faces the challenge of a life-altering decision. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost there are many metrical devices used to portray the poet’s major theme of decision making. Outline for â€Å"The Road Not Taken† I. Introduction A. Influence of decision making B. Problem faced by the character II. Body A. Theme of decision making B. Setting (1) Why is this symbolic? C. Title Read MoreThe Road Not Taken1084 Words   |  5 PagesClara Kirkpatrick Mr. Woods English 102 CHA 8 November 2010 The Road Not Taken The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost describes the dilemma in decision making, generally in life each individual has countless decisions to make and those decisions lead to new challenges, dilemmas and opportunities. In Frost’s poem, the careful traveler observes the differences of each path, one is bent and covered in undergrowth (Frost 5) and the other is grassy and unworn (Frost 8). In the end he knowsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Road Not Taken By: Robert Frost Imagine that your making a decision and you are stuck to choose between two things that could change and impact your life greatly. What would you do? What pathway would you take? 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When Frost says, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,† (1) these roads clearly represent two different decisions to be made. Does it have to be two roads? It, in fact, does not. The roads could be a complicated web of an interstate system; however, only one road can be taken. There is no reverse, and there are no U-turns. There is simply a single path to be taken. How doesRead MoreEssay On The Road Taken And Not Taken937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Road Taken and Not Taken Response I had to choose between playing a full-time summer sport or going on family vacations in the summer. Sports enriched my life in many ways such as creating more memories with my friends, allowing my pitching to improve, and gaining valuable team experience. Family vacations also could have changed my life as it allows for more family time, memories, and adventures. In the end, I chose to play a summer sport because it increased my games per year, practices perRead More Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Significance of The Road Not Taken811 Words   |  4 Pages The Significance of The Road Not Taken  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      My father introduced me to The Road Not Taken when I was a young teenager because he figured that I was beginning a period of my life where I would be forced to make many important decisions, and he saw this poem as a source of guidance through those decisions. This poem carries truth and edification in its words. It forms a beautiful analogy of life and all its complications. After my father finished reciting the poem, I neverRead More Road Not Taken Essay980 Words   |  4 Pages Critical essay for â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, Because it was grassy and wanted wear: Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads to way, I doubtedRead More The Road Not Taken Essay542 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Frost is that he has the power of standing still where he is.† There is never a straight road there are always curves and turns in which one must encounter and act upon. Readers can interpret the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† in many ways. It is a persons past, present and the way one see things, which determines their choices and paths they follow. This poem shows how Frost believes that it is the road that you choose that makes you the person you are. Decisions are always hard to make. It is impossibleRead MoreThe Road Not Taken Analysis1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Road Not Taken As I read and analyzed this poem I became aware that it is indeed a great poem and that the reader must dig deep in order to find the true message of the poem. Careful readers shall not be tricked. The Basic Subject of the Poem The poem starts off with the title â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† At first sight this title could be used as foreshadow that the following poem will be about making a mistake, not making the right choice (not taking the right road) therefore establishing a

American Political Theory Free Essays

The Jacksonian Period is usually associated with Andrew Jackson. Basically Jackson followed in what Thomas Jefferson already started. The Jacksonian era valued the rights of common man. We will write a custom essay sample on American Political Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The democracy in this particular era endorsed the power of the executive branch as well as that of the president’s. It also allowed a broad range of public involvement in the government. Thus during these times different rights were respected such as women’s rights, economic rights for factories and the like. Thus, the Jacksonian era showed more concern on common man and thus they did not see them merely as a tool or as a means towards some ends as can be seen nowadays. Nowadays the same kind of values and beliefs are slowly dissolving. Usually the Bush government treats their subjects simply as means to achieve his goals. He is more concerned on profits rather than on man himself. This is basically present on the act on immigration that he supports, the S. 1348 wherein he gives false hopes to immigrants and giving prime importance to profit rather than on the immigrants themselves. Another aspect which could be found is the 5-4 vote pattern. During the election the pattern five is to four is very dominant. There are still 175,000 ballots that were not yet counted and still they already proclaimed Bush as the winner. 5 associates of the US Supreme Court interfered with the manual count in Florida. These five are Justices Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas, O’Connor, and Kennedy. These five conservatives are also responsible for some violations of human rights such as banning of abortion even though the mother’s and the fetus life are in danger, rejecting appeals from prisoners and the like. Thus in this regard we could see how very undemocratic our government had become as compared from the Jacksonian era. The decisions on votes and other rights are no longer decided by the common people. Those in power are very manipulative taking their own interests first more than that of the public’s. Liberty and equality is basically no longer on the people’s hands rather it was on the hands of the select few. Thus dealing with terms like liberty and equality are rather difficult especially if they fall on deaf ears as could be seen on the 5-4 voting patterns. (Toobin). References: Doherty, Kieran. Andrew Jackson : America’s 7th President. New York: Children’s Press, 2003. Toobin, Jeffrey. â€Å"Five to Four. † The New Yorker 2007. How to cite American Political Theory, Papers

American Political Theory Free Essays

The Jacksonian Period is usually associated with Andrew Jackson. Basically Jackson followed in what Thomas Jefferson already started. The Jacksonian era valued the rights of common man. We will write a custom essay sample on American Political Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The democracy in this particular era endorsed the power of the executive branch as well as that of the president’s. It also allowed a broad range of public involvement in the government. Thus during these times different rights were respected such as women’s rights, economic rights for factories and the like. Thus, the Jacksonian era showed more concern on common man and thus they did not see them merely as a tool or as a means towards some ends as can be seen nowadays. Nowadays the same kind of values and beliefs are slowly dissolving. Usually the Bush government treats their subjects simply as means to achieve his goals. He is more concerned on profits rather than on man himself. This is basically present on the act on immigration that he supports, the S. 1348 wherein he gives false hopes to immigrants and giving prime importance to profit rather than on the immigrants themselves. Another aspect which could be found is the 5-4 vote pattern. During the election the pattern five is to four is very dominant. There are still 175,000 ballots that were not yet counted and still they already proclaimed Bush as the winner. 5 associates of the US Supreme Court interfered with the manual count in Florida. These five are Justices Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas, O’Connor, and Kennedy. These five conservatives are also responsible for some violations of human rights such as banning of abortion even though the mother’s and the fetus life are in danger, rejecting appeals from prisoners and the like. Thus in this regard we could see how very undemocratic our government had become as compared from the Jacksonian era. The decisions on votes and other rights are no longer decided by the common people. Those in power are very manipulative taking their own interests first more than that of the public’s. Liberty and equality is basically no longer on the people’s hands rather it was on the hands of the select few. Thus dealing with terms like liberty and equality are rather difficult especially if they fall on deaf ears as could be seen on the 5-4 voting patterns. (Toobin). References: Doherty, Kieran. Andrew Jackson : America’s 7th President. New York: Children’s Press, 2003. Toobin, Jeffrey. â€Å"Five to Four. † The New Yorker 2007. How to cite American Political Theory, Papers

The Alternative Learning System Research Paper Example

The Alternative Learning System Paper Overview: Historical Context of ALS As always, it is best to trace the source of an educational system such as the ALS to the basic and fundamental law of the land. The Philippine Constitution provides for free and compulsory elementary education and free secondary education through the Department of Education (DepEd). This means that all Filipinos have a constitutional right to basic education, and the DepEd is mandated to provide this service to all Filipinos. In the 80’s, the global community launched a campaign called Education for All (EFA) that aimed to eradicate illiteracy and promote functional literacy for all people of the world. Our nation was a signatory to this and as such, committed to providing education for all Filipinos ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM is a parallel learning system that provides a viable alternative to the existing formal education. It encompasses both the non formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills. In summary, we say: Basic Education = early childhood education (kindergarten) and elementary education (Grades 1-6) and secondary education (1st-4th year) and ALS (for out- -of- school age children, youth adults and those with special needs). Alternative Learning System = Non Formal Education (NFE) and Informal Education (IEd) A. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 356: RENAMING THE BEREAU OF NON FORMAL EDUCATION (BNFE) THE BEREAU OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM (BALS) On September 13, 2004, the office of the President of the Republic of the We will write a custom essay sample on The Alternative Learning System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Alternative Learning System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Alternative Learning System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philippines renamed the DepEd’s Bureau of Non Formal Education the Bureau of Alternative Learning System (BALS) through this Executive Order signed by Her Excellency, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The order directs BALS to provide a systematic and flexible approach to reach all types of learners outside the school system. THIS MEANS THAT by the virtue of this Executive Order, the BALS has given the authority to guide the development of the country’s ALS. Functions of BALS to address the learning needs of all marginalized groups including the deprived, depressed and underserved citizens †¢to coordinate with various agencies for skills development of the learners †¢to expand access to educational opportunities for citizens of different interests, capabilities, demographic characteristics and socio-economic origins and status †¢to promote certification and accreditation for basic education of alternative learning programs both non formal and informal in nature B. EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA) PLAN by 2015 In 2004, the Philippine government once again committed to participate in the global campaign for Education for All by the year 2015. In this plan, one of the major goals is â€Å"transforming all nonformal and informal education intervention into an ALS to yield more EFA benefits†. This means that the goal is to have in place a credible ALS (consisting of NFE and informal Education) that shall increase functional literacy among the marginalized groups of learners. To this end, certain tasks will need to be undertaken, namely. . Develop and strengthen the DepEd’s BALS and mandate it to serve as the government agency to guide the development of the country’s ALS. 2. Make available public funds for ALS programs of GOs and NGOs subject to the guidelines of BALS. 3. Build and develop a constituency for ALS development. 4. Conduct research and studies to test cost-effective options for delivering quality ALS. 5. Undertake an inventory of available resources in localit ies for literacy interventions outside schools. 6. Ensure a vigorous and credible system for reliably assessing, measuring, validating and communicating competencies acquired through NFE and informal education. In summary, the EFA Plan for 2015 prescribes urgent tasks that will guide the Department of Education in fulfilling the spirit of RA 9155 and EO 356 and ultimately the vision of the Philippine Constitution. It embodies the various programs, projects and direction to achieve the goal of quality ALS for Filipino learners. THE ALS and FORMAL EDUCATION The Two Paths to basic Education Take a look at the figure above. It shows two (2) roads both leading towards the attainment of basic education. One road is marked â€Å"formal education† and it makes use of schools. The other road is marked â€Å"ALS† and it makes use of community learning centers for out-of-school youth and adults and these centers may be a barangay hall, a church, a factory, etc. Notice, too, the travelers in the â€Å"formal education† road and those in the â€Å"ALS† road. In the former, they are young; in the latter, they are both young and old. This illustration suggests that the Filipino can choose to take any of the two (2) roads to acquire basic education. Further, it suggests that the â€Å"ALS† road is open to anyone regardless of age. What is important too is that one may attain basic education even without entering the school system. Because this is a very simple illustration, it does not explain the other important features of ALS. Consequently, a conceptual framework on the relationship between formal education and the ALS is hereby presented. The discussion that follows Figure 2 also explains those theoretical aspects that Figure 1 cannot provide. MAJOR ASPECTS OF COMPARISON Learning Program It shows the learning programs of formal education and those of the ALS. Specifically, formal basic education consists of elementary education which covers Grades 1 to 6 and secondary education which covers 4 year levels. This ALS program on the other hand consists of the Basic Literacy Program which is a program for the illiterates on the basic reading, writing and numeracy skills, and the accreditation Equivalency Program (AE) which is equivalent to the elementary and high school programs of formal education and which address the learning needs of school dropouts or those who have not completed 10 years of schooling as mandated by the Philippine Constitution. SETTING It presents the setting where learning takes place. In the formal school system teaching- learning is conducted primarily in the school. On the other hand, teaching- learning in the ALS occurs in the community learning centers (CLC) which may either be a barangay hall, church, factory, a reading center, or the home. Generally, the learners meet in the CLCs as a group according to an agreement they themselves have set with the facilitator or instructional manager. The rest of the time, learners take home their learning materials to study at their own time. TEACHER In formal education, the teacher is called a classroom teacher who is a professional i. e. licensed to teach (having passed the Licensure Exam for Teachers). The classroom teacher must be a college graduate with degree of either BSEd or BEED. In ALS, the teacher of the Basic Literacy Program is called a facilitator who may be a high school graduate at the very least but must have undergone training as a facilitator. On the other hand, the teacher in the AE Program must be at least a college graduate though not necessarily an Education major but must have undergone training in ALS. AGE OF LEARNER It compares the age of learners in both the formal and ALS System. In formal education, the age of the learner is prescribed. Thus, age of entry in Grade 1, is 6-years and the exit age at 4th year high school is 15 years. On the other hand, there is no age prescribed for learners in the ALS. Oftentimes, learners in the basic Literacy Program are adults, while learners in the AE Program are youth and adults 16 years old and over. CURRICULUM Formal education has the basic education Curriculum (BEC) while the ALS has the ALS curriculum. The learning competencies of both curricula are parallel and comparable although subject matter or content may differ. This means that both curricula are meant to develop competencies that are equivalent in nature. While the BEC curriculum has 5 major subjects English, Science, Math, Filipino, and Makabayan, the ALS curriculum has learning strands which are lifeskills- oriented rather than subject- oriented. The 5 learning strands are the following: -Communication Skills -Development of Self and A Sense of Community -Critical Thinking and Problem Solving -Expanding One’s World Vision Sustainable Use of Resources/Productivity LEARNING MATERIALS It compares the learning materials that are generally used as the main tools for learning in the two systems of learning. Formal education generally makes use textbooks which normally require teachers to facilitate their use. The ALS meanwhile, generally makes use of printed modules which may be used by learners with or without the aid o f a teacher since the materials are designed as self- instructional and therefore self-paced. Also, since the subject matter is not compartmentalized according to subject areas, the modules are said to be integrated. TEACHING METHODOLOGY One of the basic characteristics that differentiates formal education and ALS the teaching methodology. Figure 9 shows that formal education utilizes the principles of pedagogy or the science of learning among children while the ASL utilizes the principles of andragogy, the science of adult learning. Formal education generally makes use of end-of-school year achievement tests for all learning levels in grade 1 to 4th year High School. The ALS generally makes use of end-of-program tests which may be given at any time that a learner completes the program. For the Basic Literacy level, this test is called the Assessment of Basic Literacy (ABL Test) and it measures basic reading, writing and numeracy skills. For the A and E test, the elementary level learner takes the A and E Elementary level test and the secondary level learner takes the A and E Secondary level test. In both cases, the tests measure functional literacy competencies such as the following: 1. communicate effectively 2. solve problems scientifically, creatively and think critically 3. use resources sustain ably and be productive 4. develop oneself and a sense of community 5. expand one’s world view

Discuss how the framers created a strong government limiting its own powers and those of the people.

Discuss how the framers created a strong government limiting its own powers and those of the people. When the framers created the constitution, they created a division of powers that where divided between National, State and local government. This helps more people to get represented by the government and brings government closer to people, it also limit's the power of government and they protect people by creating the "Bill of Rights". Some of the constitution principles was the idea that people have the right to vote, also that government has the consent of the govern, having a limited government, and the separation of powersEvery branch of the government has limited powers, the delegated powers are powers given to the National Government and they are found on the constitution on article 1, section 8. They are 3 types of delegated powers: the express powers are those that are listed on the constitution, the imply powers are those that are not listed on the constitution but they are based on the elastic clause "congress can do what is necessary and proper for the well of the nation ", and the imperative power that it says that only national government is capable of dealing with this problems.Diagram of the Federal Government and American Uni...The powers of the state and national government are separated, the reserved powers are those that belong only to the states and the concurrent powers are those that belong to both state and national government. The powers of branches are also separated and that the powers of each branch limit's the power of the other branches. There are 3 branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.The executive branch can limit the powers of the other branches by either appealing to the people, recommending legislation to congress, call for a special session of congress or the president can vito, the executives also appoints members to the government, appoint judges...

Billie Holiday Quotes

Billie Holiday Quotes Billie Holiday, a popular and tragic figure in jazz, was a gifted singer with an amazing voice and talent whose personal life was chaotic and troubled. Selected Billie Holiday Quotations I never hurt nobody but myself and thats nobodys business but my own. Im always making a comeback but nobody ever tells me where Ive been. Youve got to have something to eat and a little love in your life before you can hold still for any damn bodys sermon on how to behave. Somebody once said we never know what is enough until we know whats more than enough. If I dont have friends, then I aint got nothin. Dont threaten me with love, baby. Lets just go walking in the rain. Love is like a faucet, it turns off and on. You can be up to your boobies in white satin, with gardenias in your hair and no sugar cane for miles, but you can still be working on a plantation. Sometimes its worse to win a fight than to lose. Singing songs like The Man I Love or Porgy is no more work than sitting down and eating Chinese roast duck, and I love roast duck. People dont understand the kind of fight it takes to record what you want to record the way you want to record it. I hate straight singing. I have to change a tune to my own way of doing it. Thats all I know. If Im going to sing like someone else, then I dont need to sing at all. You cant copy anybody and end with anything. If you copy, it means youre working without any real feeling. No two people on earth are alike, and its got to be that way in music or it isnt music. No two people on earth are alike, and its got to be that way in music or it isnt music. I never had a chance to play with dolls like other kids. I started working when I was six years old. In this country, dont forget, a habit is no damn private hell. Theres no solitary confinement outside of jail. A habit is hell for those you love. And in this country its the worst kind of hell for those who love you. All dope can do for you is kill you... the long hard way. And it can kill the people you love right along with you. About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Supply Chain Management- Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management- Zara - Essay Example In such a drill, firms look forward into establishing a larger market share for its products and services. This is done by initiating Supply chains that are manageable with a manageable number of middlemen. Similarly, opening more production points in the market increases the aptness in supply of products in the market. Therefore, the best practice in approach in supply chain management is use of short supply chains, technological control and advancement, bulk transit of products, effective supply chain management, development of new production plants and investment in new markets. Introduction The core point in establishing a firm is to give a constant supply of goods, products and services. Therefore, a firm should strategise on making an effective and efficient supply of its products and services to the people that are in need. In many instances, firms that have apt supply strategies end up making a plausible outcome in their supply. For instance, a structure that ensures there is constant supply of the products attracts a larger demand due to its reliability. Though some factors could affect the supply of products and goods, a firm should ensure that it has a developed supply chain. With such a preparation, it is hard to disappoint the people that need these products by failing to give the goods they need. This shows that the most successful firms have to ensure they have an integrated supply strategy. This makes it appealing to the customers, which is reflected in the results that are recorded in any transaction calendar (Canzer, 2006:12). Following suit in such an approach is an entirely vital aspect that should be used by prospecting firms that need to succeed. Analysis and Discussion Supply chain management denotes the processes that are involved from the production of goods, products and services, through networks and the final relay of the products and services to the demands. It therefore closely involves procurement, manufacturing and distribution. In procurement, the manufacturing firm has to plan on all the materials that are required for production. They then have to acquire these materials and make them available. After this, the manufacturing process begins, where the stated products are produced. This is followed by distribution of the manufactured goods into the trade regions. However, the decision making has to involve logistics and global decision making. Therefore, this is a process that involves other minor processes, which involves many networks that are interconnected. The control of the supply of products does not depend on a single person, as it is at times complicated. As such, there is need to have apt control over the supply chain (Jordan, 2010:32). This will be a move to ensure the supply chain is giving adorable results. In many cases, the supply chain involves provision of packaged products and goods, movement of these goods and products from one place to another till the final consumption of the products and goods. Similarly, services have to pass through this chain to record a complete chain of supply (Zuckerman, 2002:23). Therefore, it is in the best interests of a firm to ensure the chain of supply is effective in delivering the services, products and goods to the demand. If this is not done, the firm will not be making an economic sense in producing the goods for the demand. While working in Zara, it is an admissible fact that the retailer has created the demand for its products. The retailer has been increasing

Seven elements of service marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Seven elements of service marketing - Essay Example The paper will analyze the seven elements of service marketing in Citigroup headquartered in Charlotte, NC, and also outline the competitive advantage the service industry acquires through a successful marketing element. Service: Most banks are experiencing an era where their revenue is not dependent on the sale of money alone (Once). Services in the financial industry are intangible and involve money in varied attributes such as depositing, lending, and transfer procedures. Citigroup should select the features of the primary service which is the deposit and lending of money and the bundle of supplementary services like the online money transfer with reference to the customer’s desires. All aspects that have the potential to create value for Citigroup services should be bundled together to bring out the best customer experience. Price: Pricing is an essential feature in the marketing element of the service industry. Citigroup has to settle at prices that are affordable to the customers, and that ensure the bank is operational. Setting the price is centered on the value of the services they offer. In the service industry unlike in the product marketing, a decrease in price does not result in an increase in the customer base. The prices in the banking industry and Citigroup are dependent on the service being provided and assume the names such as interest, expenses, and commission. Place: The most relevant aspect of banking is the ability to persuade customers that their resources are available whenever they are needed (Once). A bank such as Citigroup has to ensure that their services are visible to potential customers and that existing ones have adequate channels to access their resources. Citigroup can open branches on strategic positions or partner with other financial institutions to gain a greater geographical share. Promotion: Citigroup has numerous goals that shape the way they

Limitations Of Agency Theory Finance Essay

Limitations Of Agency Theory Finance Essay Irrespective of the recent well-deserved criticism of Agency Theory I believe it should still play an important role in managerial remuneration. Empirical evidence supports the theory that a conflict of interest exists between shareholders and management. Throughout recent years one of the more commonly discussed management topics has been executive compensation and in particular the size of bonuses awarded to CEOs and other senior management. Agency theory can be considered to be the most widely used theory to explain executive compensation. The focus of Agency theory is on ways to make the governance system of corporations more efficient so that shareholders interests and performance expectations are given every chance to be realised by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). An agency problem may arise between managers and shareholders because the principals (the shareholders) cannot adequately monitor the actions taken by the agent (the managers). Subsequently, the agent can have an incentive to pursue their own interests, rather than the bet interests of the principal. Given the body of evidence, it would be naÃÆ' ¯ve to claim that agency theory has not made a significant contribution to the principal-agent literature. However it does have its limitations and a new approach is needed to use the benefits of agency theory to its fullest. By realizing agency theorys limitations, we can add to its strength. Droege, Scott B A key issue facing agency theory is the reliance that stakeholders have on the board of directors. This has proven to be an unhealthy reliance and the level of independance of some board of direcors can be questioned. This is discussed by Band (xxxx) when he noted that while there is a common perception that the board is independent, this is often fake as noted by Pearce and Zahra who found that over 85% of Fortune 500 industrial companies had Chairmen who had also served as the corporations CEO. It is well documented that executive compensation packages should be designed to align the interests of senior management with those of the shareholders and thereby reduce the dysfunctional behaviour of managers; this is typically done by rewarding executives for taking decisions and actions that increase shareholder wealth ([26] Mortlock, 2009). Unfortunately, the shareholders (and directors) may have neither complete information about the actions of executives or the expertise to evaluate those actions, making it difficult to base compensation on actions alone. Instead, compensation in practice is often linked to measures that are positively correlated with managerial performance, for instance market share, share price or accounting profit. Additionally In recent years Boards have become weaker as more power has been distributed to senior management. This has resulted in the decline of the accountability of Directors and a resulting impact in the decline of the monitoring role of Boards. Corporate Governance David Band The board of directors is heavily reliant on the information provided by the CEO. The recent spate of failures among both financial and non-financial companies has been accompanied by a growing interest in and concern about the compensation of the CEOs of major U.S. corporations. This, in turn, has reignited interest among both academics and financial practitioners about agency theory issues, especially the question of whether or not the total compensation of CEOs is properly scaled in relation to the earnings they generate for the shareholders they serve. We find that the executive remuneration design derived from a single agency perspective is insufficient. Prospect theory, real option theory and managerial power approach all together would complement agency theory to bring the theory of executive remuneration closer to reality Adam Notes Agency Theory or Stewardship theory Limitations of Agency theory Irrespective of the recent well-deserved criticism of Agency Theory I believe it should still play an important role in managerial remuneration. Empirical evidence supports the theory that a conflict of interest exists between shareholders and management. The board still functions on information provided by the CEO. While there is a common perception that the board is independent, this is often fake as noted by Pearce and Zahra who found that over 85% of Fortune 500 industrial companies had Chairmen who had also served as the corporations CEO. In recent years Boards have become weaker as more power has been distributed to senior management. This has resulted in the decline of the accountability of Directors and a resulting impact in the decline of the monitoring role of Boards. Corporate Governance David Band The appropriate remedy for the problem of the potentially self-interested or incompetent managerial team is said to be the monitoring board. But frankly, no one really knows what is the optimal level of option grant: what level of stock option compensation will make an executive risk-neutral like the shareholders, or willing to bite the bullet on layoffs, or willing to accept a premium bid? Even if the stock price falls back, the well-timed executive option exercise is a life-changing experience. More formally, the Black-Scholes option pricing model instructs us that the value of the executives stock option will be increasing both in the value of the underlying security and the variance (since stock options are issued at the money). So managers with a rich load of options have incentives to get the stock price high by any means necessary, fraud included. In particular, they have incentives to increase the riskiness of the firm, including projects that offer lower expected returns but higher variance. This will reduce the value of the firm for risk-neutral shareholders but has the potential to increase the value of managers firm-related investments in cases where the gain in option holdings exceeds the loss to human capital. Managers become risk-preferring. Enron Jeffrey Gordon Prospect theory, real option theory and the managerial power approach all together would complement agency theory to bring the theory of executive remuneration closer to reality. On the other hand, theoretically, being the main stream theory of corporate governance, agency theory suggests effective executive remuneration should align managers interests with shareholders interests in order to minimize agency costs (Florackis, 2005; Bayless,2009). Most remuneration frameworks in the literature have been largely influenced by agency theory. However, notable divergences exist between thepredictions of agency theory and reality. There is a need to extend agency theory with some complementary theories to make executive compensation more realistic. We find that the executive remuneration design derived from a single agency perspective is insufficient. Prospect theory, real option theory and managerial power approach all together would complement agency theory to bring the theory of executive remuneration closer to reality. Che, Zhang,Xiao and Li Empirical support for agency theory has been demonstrated in numerous settings. For example, Eisenhardts (1988) studies of retail stores show support for agency theory in salaried and commissioned salespeople. Acquisitions and divestitures were the focus of a study by Argawal and Mandelker ( 1 987). Conlon and Parks ( 1 990) examined performance-contingent compensation as the dependent variable and found support for agency theory. Support has been found in interorganizational joint ventures (BalakrishnanandKoza, 1993) and franchising (e.g., Agrawal and LaI, 1995). Although not an exhaustive review, this brief list gives adequate evidence that agency theory has been empirically tested and supported in a variety of contexts from retail sales to manufacturing to joint ventures. Given this body of evidence, it would be naÃÆ' ¯ve to claim that agency theory has not made a contribution to the principal-agent literature. Indeed, it has made a significant contribution. Thus, it is not my intent to discredit agency theory. However, a rational course is to separate the premises and examine them in a new light. By realizing agency theorys limitations, we can add to its strength. Droege, Scott B Agency theory can be considered to be the most widely used theory to explain executive1 compensation. Agency theory, from economics, focuses on ways to make the governance system of a corporation more efficient so that shareholders interests and performance expectations are realized by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The failure to find a consistent link between executive compensation and a firms performance has motivated some authors to supplement agency theory with other theories originating in psychology and sociology (e.g., Ungson and Steers, 1984; Wiseman and Gomez-Mejia, 1998; Bainbridge, 2005; Gomez- Mejia et al., 2005; and Perkins, 2008). It should be explicitly mentioned here that it is not our objective to replace agency theory with other theories. Rather, we recommend adding other theoretical lenses, originating in other paradigms, to make our understanding of executive compensation more complete. While discussing each of the theories, it will become clear that rather than taking a single theory perspective, it is preferable to take a multi-theory approach to explain the complexities of executive compensation. This is also a logical consequence of the use of three paradigms. Under such an approach, different paradigms and theories together serve to explain executive compensation better and more completely than opting for a single theory or paradigm. Over the last decades, hundreds of studies have been published in the field of executive compensation. Agency theory was found to be the dominant framework. This theory puts forward the relationship between firm performance and executive compensation as one of the mechanisms to reduce agency costs. The inability to find a consistent relationship between performance and executive compensation, however, has given rise to the development of alternative theories. The most popular alternative theories include managerialism theory, institutional theory and contingency theory. Strong support was found for taking such a multi-theoretical and multi-disciplinary view of executive compensation. The control perspective (agency theory), which has historically been the main perspective, has to be enriched with behavioral, institutional and contingency factors. Baeten, Xavier; Balkin, David In the aftermath of the global financial crisis (GFC) governments lost confidence in market fundamentalism and realised the inadequacies of regulatory measures. The purpose of this paper is to outline the proximate causes of the financial crisis of 2007-2009 and to investigate the role of the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) objective in the GFC. The case studies revealed that unethical behaviour, agency issues, CEO compensation, creative accounting and risk shifting are some of the side effects of SWM. These cases indicate that the assumptions on which SWM are based are questionable. Further, it can be argued that the root cause of the GFC is excessive greed and the single-minded pursuit of SWM. The global financial crisis (GFC), which had been threatening for some time, began to display its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world, stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to develop with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. Had all boards of directors being successful in their assigned role of protecting all stakeholders of the firm, rather than just shareholders, then we believe that the GFC would have been avoided. Most business concern is focused on profit maximisation. However, profit maximisation fails for a number of well-known reasons; it ignores: the timing of returns; the cash flows available to shareholders; and risk. Without explicitly considering these factors, higher earnings alone do not necessarily translate into higher share prices. Damodaran (1999) explains that, in the real world, managers perform the decision-making function with four factors or linkages in mind: shareholders, bondholders, society and financial markets. Competitive market conditions place significant pressure on agents and managers who will be tempted to resort to unethical means to portray a positive picture. It is acknowledged that the wealth maximisation objective is not always compatible with a firms social obligations, and it usually involves an agency problem which arises when the managers fail to act in the best interests of the shareholders, preferring instead to benefit themselves ([20] Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Differences in the objectives of ownership and management lead to agency costs; if these are to be controlled, the shareholders must maintain a strict watch over the functioning of the company. The managers should be rewarded for acting in the interests of the shareholders and the managers should maintain a balance between the interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders. In this context, the GFC highlighted the important influence that incentive structures within financial institutions and other businesses can have on risk-taking and financial performance. In particular, it highlighted the dangers of badly designed remuneration incentive arrangements leading to excessive risk-taking, poor financial performance and a bias towards short-term results at the expense of longer-term financial soundness ([26] Mortlock, 2009). It is well documented that executive compensation packages should be designed to align the interests of senior management with those of the shareholders and thereby reduce the dysfunctional behaviour of managers; this is typically done by rewarding executives for taking decisions and actions that increase shareholder wealth ([26] Mortlock, 2009). Unfortunately, the shareholders (and directors) may have neither complete information about the actions of executives or the expertise to evaluate those actions, making it difficult to base compensation on actions alone. Instead, compensation in practice is often linked to measures that are positively correlated with managerial performance, for instance market share, share price or accounting profit. Stock options became an ever greater part of executives compensation, increasing from 27 per cent in 1992 to 60 per cent in 2000. Fixed salary will reduce the risk to the executives and guarantee a standard of living. On the other hand, it may not encourage them to improve their performance in order to maximise shareholder wealth. The use of golden handshake and golden parachute clauses in management contracts may also be driven by managers acting to further their own interests, rather than those of their shareholders. [25] Matsumura and Shin (2005) characterized conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers as usually arising in three broad areas. First, executives enjoy (as well as exploit) the perquisites provided to them. Second, executives are more risk averse in decision making and aim for better compensation as a trade-off. Lastly, executives are more interested in making decisions that have short-term impacts rather than taking a long-term perspective. By designing executive packages in a way that balances the interests of shareholders and executives, these conflicts can be reduced. The packages should be so designed to motivate the executives, whilst at the same time allowing management to control the amount spent on compensation, based on the performance of the CEOs themselves. [26] Mortlock (2009) notes that the major financial and corporate sector distress seen in the USA and Europe in recent times is partly attributable to poorly designed remuneration incentive arrangements. An examination of history reveals that a range of practices, unrelated to any major improvement in cash flows and/or profits, have been carried out with the intention of increasing wealth; for example: accounting manoeuvres with deceitful intention and accounting fraud (in the case of Xerox), improper accounting, deviation from accounting principles with deceitful intention, leveraging of shares to raise debt for expensive acquisitions (as in the case of WorldCom), stretching the limits of accounting by misusing its limitations, lack of transparency, intentional projection of a rosy picture of performance (in the cases of Enron and Arthur Anderson), massive fraud, accounting scandal (in the case of Peregrine Systems), aggressive acquisition strategies and accounting frauds (in the case of Tyco), diverting business cash into off-shore, family-owned entities, artificial support given to the stock of the company (in the case of Polly Peck), deceitful intention of elite and experienced h ands with sophisticated outlets (in the case of BCCI banks) and highly leveraged synthetic financial instruments (in the case of Goldman Sachs). Creative accounting is the manipulation of financial numbers, usually within the letter of the law and accounting standards, although its use can be unethical and does not provide the true and fair view of a company that accounts are supposed to provide ([45] Moneyterms, 2009). Common to all the cases mentioned above was managements single-minded focus on SWM. By attempting to grow the company at high speed and by using creative accounting techniques, managers had failed to foresee the detrimental affect these actions would have in the long term. It is clear that, in light of the side effects of SWM as discussed in Section 4 particularly their impact during the crisis the validity of the above assumptions has become questionable. In this regard, [19] Jenkins and Guerrera (2010) argue that the recent SEC attack on Goldman Sachs strikes at the heart of the business model, a model that, as [46] Friedman (1970) states, views the social responsibility of business being to increase its profits. However, as an agent, a manager is bound to act to maximise the wealth of shareholders, rather than to follow an agenda of social responsibility. It is clear that major issues like unethical behaviour, executive compensation, creative accounting and conflicts of interest, pushed the big entities towards major difficulties and, in many cases, collapse. Though a series of accounting regulations were designed and directed, many giant organisations found convenient loopholes to take advantage of or, if this was not possible, resorted to manipulative means, actions which ultimately contributed substantively to the financial crisis. Hull (2009) argues that the inappropriateness of extant incentive schemes led to a short-term focus in the managerial decision making. Given this situation, in February 2009, US President Barack Obama introduced new restrictions on executive compensation for institutions that receive financial assistance from the government, by limiting cash compensation to US$500,000; similarly, the USs Financial Stability Board released a set of principles aimed to ensuring effective governance of compensation and the effective alignment of compensation with prudent risk taking. These developments in turn suggest that the SWM objective is neither self-regulatory nor flawless in nature. As we have discussed in this paper, the reasons for the burst of this financial bubble are many. However, most of the factors are (directly or indirectly) linked to the pursuit of SWM. The above discussion has shown that each factor had in common the desire to increase the value of owners wealth. It appears reasonable to argue that, by forgetting the importance of ethics and deviating from accounting principles, the greed paid off. Risk shifting and dysfunctional behaviour are some of the side effects and flaws in an SWM-based system that is not self-regulatory. Because of a strong focus on profit maximisation or even SWM, the corporate decisions that led to the economic downturn were never balanced with any good citizen approach. But value maximisation alone is no longer sufficient in todays competitive global business environment; organisations need to focus on objectives that have long-term benefits rather than short-term value. By taking stakeholders and society into consideration a firm will truly begin to create sustainable wealth; while the corporate objective function is dominated by SWM this cannot take place. Yahanpath, Noel Supporters of agency theory underscore, among its positive features, the realism with which it describes relationships among individuals in a company(Eisenhardt, 1989). The firm is no longer considered as a single, monolithic actor but the complex set of interactions among several individuals. The firm is now presented as a nexus of contracts between principals and agents (Maitland, 1994; Shankman,1999). Typically, there are different goals and interests among individuals involved in an agency relationship. Agency theory presupposes that individuals are opportunistic, that is, they constantly aim to maximize their own interests (Bohren, 1998). Thus, there is no guarantee that agents will always act in the best interests of principals. Rather, there is a constant temptation for agents to maximize their own interests, even at the expense of principals. Under conditions of incomplete information and uncertainty prevalent in business settings two kinds of problems arise: adverse selection and moral hazard (Eisenhardt, 1989, p. 58). Adverse selection refers to the possibility of agents misrepresenting their ability to do the work agreed; in other words, agents may adopt decisions inconsistent with the contractual goals that embody their principals preferences. Moral hazard, on the other hand, refers to the danger of agents not putting forth their best efforts or shirking from their tasks. This divergence between the interests of the principal and the agent unavoidably generates costs. Agency costs are residual costs that result in a failure to maximize the principal_s wealth. These may be incurred by the principal through measures to control the agent_s behaviour or by the agent through efforts to demonstrate his commitment to the principal_s goals. The whole point behind agency theory is to come up with mechanisms that ensure an efficient alignment of interests between agent and principal, thereby reducing agency costs (Shankman, 1999, p.321). Principals are thus challenged to design contracts that protect their interests and maximize their utility in case of conflict. These contracts are based on several assumptions regarding agents (self-interest, limited rationality, risk aversion), organizations (goal conflict between members) and information (asymmetrical) (Shankman, 1999, p. 332). Supporters of agency theory underscore, among itspositive features, the realism with which it describes relationships among individuals in a company (Eisenhardt, 1989). The firm is no longer considered as a single, monolithic actor but the complex set of interactions among several individuals. Methodologically, agency theory subscribes to individualism: its basic unit of analysis is the human being fully constituted as an individual and bereft of any social dimension. In every endeavour individual agents seek above all their own utility (utilitarianism) or pleasure (hedonism), the satisfaction of their own desires. They form groups not to fulfil any requirement of their proper flourishing as human beings but only to further their particular interests (contractualism). Outside of this, agents do not subscribe to any moral imperative; they willingly engage in immoral conduct whenever convenient. Acting morally would be reasonable only if it presented a greater economic incentive in terms of utility and pleasure than the contrary (Bohren, 1998). Joan Fontrodona, Alejo Jose ´ G. Sison The recent spate of failures among both financial and non-financial companies has been accompanied by a growing interest in and concern about the compensation of the CEOs of major U.S. corporations. This, in turn, has reignited interest among both academics and financial practitioners about agency theory issues, especially the question of whether or not the total compensation of CEOs is properly scaled in relation to the earnings they generate for the shareholders they serve. Our null hypothesis, consistent with the popular assumption in the media, is that the secular growth of CEO compensation has become increasingly misaligned with the earnings results that CEOs have produced for shareholders. Surprisingly, our initial findings, drawing on secular trends among SP 500 firms, appear to show that our hypothesis does not hold, and that, over an extended period of time, CEOs have not received compensation that is out of line with the their companies earnings trends. Zhao, Kevin M; Baum, Charles L; Ford, William F 2.0 Diagnosis of Problems and Theoretical Analysis 2.1 Organisational Change 2.2 Conflict Cognitive Dissonance 2.3 Communication 2.4 Leadership 3.0 Recommendations 3.1 Organisational Change Management Recommendations 3.2. Conflict Management Recommendations 3.3. Communication Recommendations 4.0. Conclusion

Humanistic Theories of Organizations Essay

The relationship between the â€Å"boss† and the employee is an important one indeed. It is a relationship that can make or brake an organization. While classical theorist such as Fredrick Taylor (Scientific Management Theory), Henri Fayol (Administrative Theory) and Max Weber (Theory of Bureaucracy) (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p26.) emphasized the literal structure of an organization; i.e. worker productivity, chain of command and preserving organizational authority, they were not too concerned with an organizations social structure. However, â€Å"Human Relations Theory† (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p43.) builds more on an organizations social structure suggesting that an organization can benefit greatly from a positive social relationship between its supervisors and its employees. It is clear that there is a positive connection between â€Å"authentic leadership and employee voice behavior† (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012). Authentic Leadership, Employee Voice Behavior & the Hawthorne Studies Hsin-Hua Hsiung (2012) quoting Walumbwa et al. 2008, p. 94 writes that â€Å"Authentic Leadership† refers to ‘‘a pattern of leader behavior that draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate, to foster greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency on the part of leaders working with followers, fostering positive self-development’’. In the referred to article Authentic Leadership and Employee Voice Behavior: A Multi-Level Psychological Process (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012) the author discusses an investigative study of the â€Å"psychological process of how authentic leadership affects employee voice†. He suggests that the â€Å"theoretical model† of the study proposes that positive mood of the employees and, what he terms, the â€Å"leader–member exchange† or LMX quality mediate the relationship between authentic leadership and voice behavior, while the procedural justice climate moderates the mediation effects of positive mood and LMX quality (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012). This study ultimately revealed â€Å"the cross-level effects of authentic leadership†, and provided practical suggestions to assist employees expressing themselves and their opinions in the organization (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012). Ironically, the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, Roethlisberger & Dickson 1939) in human relations had a similar conclusion. Among other implications these studies (Illumination, Relay Assembly Test Room, the Interviewing Program and Wiring Room Studies) collectively proposed that supervisors â€Å"pay attention to your workers to increase their satisfaction and productivity † (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p). Conclusion, Strengths and Weaknesses In conclusion, the article in my opinion was a fair explanation of a study that concluded that there are positive implications for social interaction between supervisors and employees. The strength and weakness of the article is the authors supporting research material. While he quotes several researchers and documents to validate his findings and his theory is supported by what the author terms â€Å"multi-level data from 70 workgroups of a real estate agent company in Taiwan†, he failed to research or mention the Human Relation Theory or the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, Roethlisberger & Dickson 1939) which in my opinion would have further strengthened theory. References: Hsiung, H. H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. . Journal of business ethics, 107 (3), 349-361. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-1043-2 Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., & Dewine, S. (2012). Organizational communication: foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. (3rd ed.). Glenview Illinois: Pearson

Foucaults Discipline and Punish Essay - 815 Words

Crime is inevitable in society, whether it be in traditional societies or in modern society. However, with an action, there are always has to be a consequence, however when breaking the law, the consequences are rather bad, and sometimes harsh. This is called punishment. Discipline is enforcing acceptable patterns of behaviour and teaching obedience. In an excerpt called Discipline and Punish, contemporary theorist Michael Foucault explains these two concepts. This paper will summarize the author’s main points; provide a comparison with a theorist previously lectured on in class, as well as a personal interpretation of Foucault’s arguments. As probably studied in any law or history class, punishment in medieval times consisted of†¦show more content†¦Prison is an important place, because it takes away the power from individuals. This means that the criminal is no longer acting upon his will, but that of the officers, judge, guards, etc. â€Å"They are the foun dation of society, and an element in its equilibrium.† (215) All the techniques, when created, they â€Å"attained a level at which formation of knowledge and the increase of power regularly reinforce the other.† (216) This part of the paper will provide a comparison with a theorist previously discussed in a lecture. The theorist with whom Michael Foucault’s arguments will be compared to is Emile Durkheim. Durkheim sees crime as functional. He says that if there was no crime, all our values would be dispersed--these values are laws. These laws are observed by sanctions and punishments attached to it. However, in order for these laws to exist, there must be a punishment, thus, for there to be a punishment, there has to be crime. Repressive law, according to this classical theorist was based on punishing for the evil doing of the criminal through revenge. 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